It has been observed for several proteins that slowing down the rate at which individual codons are translated can increase their probability of cotranslational protein folding, while speeding up ...

Nucleotide substitutions in protein-coding genes can be divided into synonymous (S) and non-synonymous (N) ones that alter amino acids (including nonsense mutations causing stop codons). The S ...

We present an evolutionary hypothesis assuming that signals marking nucleotide synthesis (DNA replication and RNA transcription) evolved from multi- to unidimensional structures, and were carried over ...

A new analysis of roughly 25,000 amino acid substitutions from evolved E. coli shows that adaptive laboratory evolution ...